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Designed to help attorneys practicing in PA, NJ and DW keep up with the changing rules and technologies in eDiscovery; special attention given to emerging eDiscovery issues.

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The greatest challenge for attorneys dealing with eDiscovery is simply keeping up with changing rules and technologies. This handbook is designed to help attorneys practicing in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware keep up with the dizzying pace of change. Special attention has been given to emerging eDiscovery issues – such as metadata discovery, computer assisted review, and the Stored Communications Act.

The handbook addresses the key issues in eDiscovery – preservation, document production, proportionality, cost-shifting, social media, third-party discovery, data privacy, foreign discovery, discovery in criminal cases, and sanctions.

The handbook also focuses on case law and local rules addressing eDiscovery in Pennsylvania state courts, as well as federal courts within the Third Circuit.

NEW!

Use of Social Media:
Latest developments in the emerging use of the Threshold Rule in Pennsylvania, which provides that the court must first determine whether the publicly viewable portion of a user’s social media content contains relevant information. If this is satisfied as a preliminary matter, courts will grant access to the user’s private social media content.

Encrypted Data:

Expectation of privacy for Individuals who share access to computers for their personal files, and whether password-protection or encryption changes that expectation
Individual's Fifth Amendment rights and refusal to unencrypt files
Standards for search of emails or other stored electronic communications

Additional Information

Additional Information
SKU	PED18
Division Name	The Legal Intelligencer
Volumes	0
Product Types	Books
Brand	The Legal Intelligencer
Publication Date	June 30, 2017
Jurisdiction	Pennsylvania
ISBN	978-1-62881-366-1
Page Count	0

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Table Of Contents

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: The Duty to Preserve Electronic Evidence

Daniel A. Nadel ....................................................................................1

1-1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….1

1-2 WHEN DOES THE DUTY TO PRESERVE ATTACH? ………………1

1-3 SCOPE OF THE DUTY TO PRESERVE ……………………………..4

1-3:1 Scope of Duty to Preserve in Pennsylvania

State Court....................................................................4

1-4 LITIGATION HOLDS: BEST PRACTICES.............................5

1-5 WHO MUST PRESERVE ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS?.....7

1-5:1 Key Players....................................................................7

1-5:2 Possession, Custody, and Control..................................8

1-5:3 Duties of Foreign Subsidiaries, Parents,

and Siblings.................................................................10

1-6 ELECTRONIC DATA GENERALLY NOT SUBJECT

TO THE DUTY TO PRESERVE.............................................11

1-7 SOCIAL MEDIA AND PERSONAL MOBILE DEVICES.....13

1-8 SEEKING COURT RELIEF TO PRESERVE AND

PRODUCE DOCUMENTS.....................................................15

1-8:1 Expedited Discovery....................................................16

1-9 PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO FEDERAL

RULE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 37(E)....................................17

Chapter 2: Issues in Electronic Document Production ............................19

2-1 DOCUMENT COLLECTION.................................................19

2-1:1 Forensic Imaging.........................................................20

2-1:2 The Perils of “Self-Collection”....................................23

2-2 DOCUMENT REVIEW...........................................................24

2-2:1 Keyword Searching and Linear Review.......................24

2-2:2 Improving Keyword Searching....................................24

2-2:3 Computer Assisted Review..........................................25

2-3 DOCUMENT PRODUCTION................................................26

2-3:1 Metadata.....................................................................27

2-3:2 Metadata: Practice Notes............................................29

2-3:3 Native File Format......................................................30

2-3:4 Production Logs..........................................................32

2-3:5 Producing Documents as They Are Kept “In the

Usual Course of Business”..........................................33

2-3:6 Producing Documents in Pennsylvania State Court.....34

2-4 THE DUTY TO COOPERATE................................................35

2-4:1 The Duty to Cooperate in Practice..............................37

2-4:2 Search Terms...............................................................38

2-4:3 Discovery of Legal Hold Memoranda.........................40

2-4:4 Discovery About Discovery.........................................41

2-4:5 The Duty of Competence............................................42

2-5 PROTECTIVE ORDER GOVERNING

CONFIDENTIAL MATERIALS.............................................43

2-5:1 Protective Orders: Practice Notes................................44

2-6 AUTHENTICATION OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS.....48

2-6:1 Authenticating Text and Instant Messages...................49

2-6:2 Authenticating Special Document Types.....................51

Chapter 3: Proportionality Ruth Uselton .......................53

3-1 OVERVIEW..............................................................................53

3-2 THE FEDERAL STANDARD................................................56

3-3 CONSIDERATIONS................................................................59

3-3:1 Cost.............................................................................59

3-3:2 Relevance.....................................................................63

3-4 ACCESSIBILITY OF DATA....................................................64

3-4:1 Burden to Prove Data Not Reasonably Accessible.......64

3-4:2 Types of Documents Not Reasonably Accessible.........65

3-4:2.1 Databases...................................................66

3-4:2.2 Backup Tapes.............................................68

3-4:2.3 Ephemeral Data..........................................69

3-4:2.4 Metadata....................................................70

3-4:2.5 Voicemails...................................................71

3-4:2.6 Wikis..........................................................72

3-5 PROPORTIONALITY IN PENNSYLVANIA

STATE COURTS......................................................................72

Chapter 4: Cost-Shifting Joseph J. Gribbin.......................75

4-1 OVERVIEW..............................................................................75

4-1:1 The Cost-Shifting Framework of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure and Zubulake........................75

4-1:2 Third Circuit District Court Applies the

Advisory Committee’s Note Factors to

Determine Whether eDiscovery Should be

Produced at All............................................................79

4-1:3 Third Circuit District Courts Apply Zubulake

Factors for Cost-Shifting Between Parties....................82

4-2 COST-SHIFTING REQUIRES A FACT-INTENSIVE

INQUIRY..................................................................................82

4-2:1 Courts Applying the Zubulake Factors Under

Rule 26(b)....................................................................83

4-2:2 Zubulake Factors for Cost-Shifting Under

Rule 45(d)(1) for Nonparty Production.......................86

4-3 COST-SHIFTING FOR PRE-CLASS-CERTIFICATION

DISCOVERY.............................................................................90

4-4 TAXATION OF COSTS...........................................................92

4-5 COST-SHIFTING FOR OTHER REASONS..........................96

4-6 COST-SHIFTING UNDER PENNSYLVANIA

RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE...........................................97

4-7 DISCOVERY PHASING..........................................................99

Chapter 5: Social Media Trevor Salter .................................103

5-1 OVERVIEW............................................................................103

5-1:1 Duty to Preserve........................................................104

5-1:2 Possession, Custody and Control...............................104

5-1:3 Stored Communications Act......................................104

5-1:4 Mechanics of Preservation.........................................104

5-1:5 Authenticating Social Media......................................105

5-2 DISCOVERY OF SOCIAL MEDIA.......................................105

5-2:1 Emerging Use of the “Threshold Rule” in

Pennsylvania Courts..................................................106

5-2:2 Privacy.......................................................................108

5-2:3 Proportionality..........................................................110

5-3 MECHANISMS FOR OBTAINING SOCIAL

MEDIA CONTENT...............................................................110

5-3:1 Requesting Usernames and Passwords.......................111

5-3:2 Subpoenaing Content From the Social Media

Service Providers........................................................112

5-3:3 Court Orders Compelling Consent to Access

Social Media Accounts..............................................113

5-3:4 Court Orders Compelling Responding Party

to Accept a Friend Request........................................113

5-3:5 Use of Third Party to Collect Relevant Social

Media Content..........................................................114

5-4 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS...........................................114

5-4:1 Communicating With Represented Parties

Through Social Media...............................................114

5-4:2 Communicating with Unrepresented Parties..............115

5-4:3 Advising Clients on Posting/Removing Content........115

Chapter 6: Non-Party Discovery Benjamin M. Schmidt ...................117

6-1 NON-PARTY DISCOVERY: PENNSYLVANIA

FEDERAL LAW....................................................................117

6-1:1 Form and Contents of eDiscovery Subpoenas...........117

6-1:2 Issuing Court.............................................................119

6-1:3 Notice to Other Parties Before Service of

Subpoenas Seeking eDiscovery..................................119

6-1:4 Serving Subpoenas.....................................................120

6-1:4.1 Service in the United States......................120

6-1:4.2 Service in a Foreign Country....................120

6-1:5 Place of Compliance for Production Subpoenas........121

6-1:6 Protecting a Person Subject to a Subpoena

Seeking eDiscovery....................................................121

6-1:6.1 Avoiding Undue Burden or Expense;

Sanctions..................................................122

6-1:6.2 Command to Produce Materials or

Permit Inspection......................................122

6-1:6.3 Factors Applicable in Evaluating

“Undue Burden” Objections.....................123

6-1:6.4 Cost and Fee Shifting Under Rule 45........125

6-1:6.5 “Significant” Expenses Under Rule 45......127

6-1:6.6 Objections to Administrative

Subpoenas................................................130

6-1:6.7 Objections Based Upon First

Amendment Rights...................................130

6-1:6.8 Quashing or Modifying a Subpoena.........131

6-1:7 Duties in Responding to a Subpoena Seeking

eDiscovery.................................................................133

6-1:7.1 Producing Documents or ESI...................133

6-1:7.2 Claiming Privilege or Protection...............134

6-1:8 Findings of Contempt...............................................134

6-1:8.1 Range of Sanctions Available to

Enforce Subpoenas...................................135

6-1:8.2 Right to Immediate Appeal of

Contempt Orders Pursuant to Rule 45......137

6-1:9 Requests For Preservation of ESI Possessed

By Non-Parties..........................................................137

6-2 NON-PARTY DISCOVERY: PENNSYLVANIA

STATE LAW...........................................................................138

6-2:1 The Importance of Notes and Explanatory

Comments in Construing the Pennsylvania

Rules of Civil Procedure Addressing Non-

Party eDiscovery........................................................138

6-2:2 Explanatory Comments Concerning the Federal

System of Discovery and ESI....................................138

6-2:3 Rules Authorizing Service of Subpoenas to

Produce......................................................................139

6-2:4 Notice to Other Parties Before Service of

Subpoena to Produce.................................................140

6-2:5 Service of Subpoenas.................................................141

6-2:5.1 Certificate Prerequisite to Service of

Subpoena to Produce................................141

6-2:5.2 Form of Subpoena to Produce..................141

6-2:5.3 Form of Certificate of Compliance...........144

6-2:5.4 Service of a Subpoena Upon Persons

Within the Commonwealth.......................145

6-2:5.5 Service of Subpoena Upon Persons

Outside the Commonwealth.....................145

6-2:6 Rules Protecting a Person Subject to a Subpoena

to Produce eDiscovery...............................................147

6-2:6.1 Specification of Format for Production

of ESI and Objections..............................147

6-2:6.2 Protections and Enforcement Provisions

of the General Discovery Rules Apply

to Non-Party Discovery............................148

6-2:6.3 Specificity Required..................................148

6-2:6.4 Five-Factor Proportionality Standard......148

6-2:6.5 Cost Sharing.............................................149

6-2:6.6 Limitation of Scope of Discovery

of ESI.......................................................150

Chapter 7: Civil Discovery and Computer Trespass Law ......................151

7-1 OVERVIEW............................................................................151

7-2 THE STORED COMMUNICATIONS ACT (SCA)..............152

7-2:1 Overview of SCA.......................................................152

7-2:2 Section 2701...............................................................153

7-2:2.1 Meaning of “Facility”...............................153

7-2:2.2 “Electronic Storage”.................................154

7-2:2.3 Exemptions for Users and Internet

Service Providers.......................................156

7-2:3 Section 2702...............................................................157

7-2:3.1 Meaning of “Contents”............................157

7-2:3.2 Covers Only “Public” Service Providers....158

7-2:4 Damages Available Under the SCA...........................159

7-2:5 Impact of SCA on Civil Discovery............................160

7-2:5.1 Legal Control Over SCA-Protected

Accounts...................................................161

7-2:5.2 Consent and Employer Electronic

Communications Policies..........................162

7-3 PENNSYLVANIA COMPUTER TRESPASS LAWS............167

7-3:1 Comparison to SCA..................................................167

7-3:2 Invasion of Privacy....................................................167

7-4 COMPUTER FRAUD & ABUSE ACT (CFAA)....................169

7-4:1 Overview....................................................................169

7-4:2 Application of CFAA in Discovery Process...............169

7-4:3 Employee Excessive Use Claims................................170

7-4:4 Damages Available Under CFAA..............................172

Chapter 8: Discovery of Foreign Documents .......................................175

8-1 OVERVIEW............................................................................175

8-2 AEROSPATIALE, THE HAGUE CONVENTION,

AND FOREIGN BLOCKING STATUTES..........................176

8-2:1 Jurisdictional Discovery Under Aerospatiale.............178

8-2:2 Foreign Data Privacy Laws........................................179

8-2:3 Foreign Blocking Statutes..........................................180

8-2:3.1 Personal Data...........................................181

8-2:3.2 Is Data Processing Permissible?................181

8-2:3.3 Procedures for Data Processing................184

8-2:3.4 Onward Transfer.......................................186

8-2:3.5 Local Filing Requirements........................187

8-3 FLOWCHART FOR COMPLIANCE WITH DATA

PRIVACY LAWS....................................................................187

Chapter 9: Sanctions Meredith C. Swartz ........................189

9-1 OVERVIEW............................................................................189

9-2 SPOLIATION.........................................................................189

9-2:1 Pennsylvania State Law.............................................189

9-2:1.1 Sliding Scale.............................................191

9-2:1.1a Willfulness/Spoliator’s

Degree of Fault...........................192

9-2:2 Third Circuit Case Law..............................................194

9-2:2.1 Sliding Scale.............................................194

9-2:2.1a Willfulness / Spoliator’s

Degree of Fault...........................196

9-2:2.1b Prejudice.....................................198

9-2:2.1c Substantial Unfairness and

Deterrence..................................202

9-2:3 Proposed Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 37(e).........................................203

9-3 FAILURE TO COOPERATE AND VIOLATION

OF COURT ORDERS............................................................204

9-3:1 Pennsylvania State Law.............................................204

9-3:1.1 Failure to Cooperate.................................204

9-3:1.1a Failure to Provide Sufficient

Answers to Deposition

Questions....................................205

9-3:1.1b Failure to Respond to

Interrogatories............................205

9-3:1.2 Violation of Court Orders........................206

9-3:1.2a Disproportionate Sanctions

Reversed.....................................207

9-3:1.2b Proportionate Sanctions

Upheld........................................209

9-3:2 Federal Law Applicable in Pennsylvania....................212

9-3:2.1 The Same Basic Standard Governs

Failure to Cooperate and Violation of

Court Orders............................................212

9-3:2.2 General Standard......................................213

9-3:2.2a Exclusion of Evidence................213

9-3:2.2b Dismissals with Prejudice and

Defaults......................................215

9-3:2.2b1 Extent of the Party’s Personal

Responsibility.........................216

9-3:2.2b2 Prejudice to the Adversary......216

9-3:2.2b3 History of Dilatoriness...........217

9-3:2.2b4 Whether the Attorney’s

Conduct Was Willful or in

Bad Faith................................218

9-3:2.2b5 Availability of Alternative

Sanctions................................220

9-3:2.2b6 Meritoriousness of the Claim

or Defense..............................221

9-4 OTHER DISCOVERY MISCONDUCT................................222

9-4:1 Availability of Sanctions for Insufficient or

Non-Existent Legal Hold...........................................222

9-4:1.1 Pennsylvania State Law............................222

9-4:1.2 Federal Law..............................................224

9-4:1.2a Triggering the Duty to

Preserve......................................224

9-4:1.2b Obligations Once Duty to

Preserve Attaches........................226

9-4:1.2c Failure to Issue a Litigation Hold,

or Issuance of an Insufficient Legal

Hold, Can be a Proper Basis

for Sanctions...............................226

9-4:2 Sanctions Against Third Parties for Failure to

Comply with a Subpoena or Preserve Documents

Pursuant to a Court-Issued Preservation Order.........231

9-4:2.1 Pennsylvania State Law............................231

9-4:2.2 Federal Law..............................................231

9-4:2.2a Contempt Authority – Fed. R.

Civ. P. 45(g).................................231

9-4:2.2b Duty to Identify and Preserve

Responsive Documents and

Other Information......................232

9-4:2.2c Form for Producing Electronically

Stored Information (ESI)............233

9-4:3 Document Dumps.....................................................233

9-4:3.1 Pennsylvania State Law............................233

9-4:3.2 Federal Law..............................................234

9-4:3.2a General Principles.......................234

9-4:3.2b Appropriate Sanctions................235

9-4:3.2c White Collar Defense –

Prosecution’s Satisfaction of

Brady Obligations.......................236

9-4:4 Failure to Produce Documents in the Form in

Which They are Maintained or in a Reasonable

Useable Form............................................................237

9-4:4.1 Pennsylvania State Law............................237

9-4:4.2 Federal Law..............................................237

9-4:4.2a Production of Documents as

Maintained in the Ordinary

Course of Business.....................238

9-4:4.2b Production of Documents in

a Reasonably Usable Format......240

Chapter 10: eDiscovery in Criminal Cases

Jonathan S. Satinsky ..........................................................................243

10-1 OVERVIEW............................................................................243

10-2 INTERPLAY WITH CIVIL RULES......................................244

10-2:1 Brady Considerations.................................................245

10-3 REAL-TIME CELL PHONE AND GPS

INFORMATION....................................................................245

10-3:1 Search of Cell Phone Data Following Arrest.............245

10-3:2 Real-Time Location Information...............................246

10-4 COMPUTER HARD DRIVES..............................................247

10-4:1 Time and Location of Review....................................247

10-4:2 Search Breadth..........................................................248

10-4:3 Third Party Access.....................................................248

10-4:4 Encrypted Data.........................................................249

10-4:5 Reasonable Suspicion Search for Parolees..................249

10-5 INFORMATION HELD BY THIRD PARTY

SERVICE PROVIDERS..........................................................249

10-5:1 Fourth Amendment Protection..................................250

10-5:2 SCA Protection..........................................................250

10-5:2.1 Section 2701..............................................251

10-5:2.2 Section 2702..............................................251

10-5:2.3 Section 2703..............................................252

10-5:3 Contents of Wire and Electronic Communications....252

10-5:4 Government Burden..................................................253

10-6 WIRETAP ACT......................................................................253

10-6:1 Section 2511...............................................................254

10-6:2 Sections 2516–2518....................................................254

10-6:3 Exceptions.................................................................254

10-6:3.1 Section 2511(2)(g)(i).................................254

10-6:3.2 Section 2511(2)(a)(i).................................255

10-6:3.3 Section 2511(2)(c).....................................255

10-7 PENNSYLVANIA WIRETAP ACT.......................................256

10-7:1 Strict Construction....................................................256

10-7:2 Active Participation...................................................256

10-7:3 Consensual Wiretapping............................................257

10-7:4 Preemption................................................................257

Chapter 11: Compendium of Procedures and Forms in

Pennsylvania Courts ........................................................................259

11-1 LOCAL COURT RULES ADDRESSING

EDISCOVERY IN PENNSYLVANIA....................................259

11-2 FEDERAL DISTRICT COURT LOCAL RULES

RELATING TO E-DISCOVERY...........................................261

11-2:1 U.S. District Court for the Middle District of

Pennsylvania..............................................................261

11-2:2 U.S. District Court for the Western District of

Pennsylvania..............................................................263

11-3 FEDERAL JUDGES’ STANDING RULES

RELATING TO EDISCOVERY............................................264

11-4 DISTRICT OF DELAWARE RULES FOR

EDISCOVERY........................................................................284

11-5 DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY LOCAL RULES

ADDRESSING DIGITAL DISCOVERY..............................290

11-5:1 District of New Jersey Local Rule 26.1(D)................290

11-5:2 District of New Jersey Standard Confidentiality

Order.........................................................................292

Table of Cases..301

Index..317

Author Info

Philip N. Yannella

Philip N. Yannella is the Practice Leader of Ballard Spahr’s eDiscovery and Data Management Group and a member of the firm’s Data Privacy and Security Group. He manages eDiscovery issues in high-profile litigation, counseling clients and attorneys worldwide on data preservation, retrieval, and privacy matters. He has significant experience representing Fortune 500 companies on eDiscovery and data management issues in bet-the-company litigation, particularly in the pharmaceutical and health care industries.

Mr. Yannella has served as the principal member of national discovery teams in large-scale litigation and has experience advising on cross-border data collection matters. He is highly experienced in discovery coordination and management, overall discovery strategy and litigation readiness, records management, ethical rules relating to eDiscovery and data management, the Stored Communications Act, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, U.S. Safe Harbor regulations, and international data privacy law. He regularly writes and lectures on a wide array of eDiscovery, privacy and security issues.

Mr. Yannella is also a member of the firm's Product Liability Groups. He has more than 15 years’ experience representing a wide range of manufacturers – including numerous pharmaceutical and medical device companies – in products liability, catastrophic injury and consumer fraud litigation, from case filing through trial. Mr. Yannella has served in a national coordinating role in mass tort litigation relating to a COX-2 inhibitor, weight loss medication, diabetes medication, a statin, tobacco products, anti-anemia medication, antipsychotic medication, and latex gloves. He has also represented manufacturers, refineries and other institutions in litigation involving motor oil, forklifts, popcorn products, asbestos products, herbicides, refining operations, and plant explosions.

Mr. Yannella is a member of Sedona Conference Institute (International Data Privacy, eDiscovery, and Cross-Border Data Transfer Issues Working Groups), the American Records Management Association, and the Defense Research Institute. He is a graduate of Temple University (Phi Beta Kappa, summa cum laude) and Temple Law School, where he served on moot court and as a member of the Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review. He is a former adjunct professor for Temple University, where he taught a course on Constitutional Law

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